The Father of Chicago Blues Essay Example for Free

The Father of Chicago Blues EssayHe is known for creating some of the greatest color songs of all prison term I Cant Be Satisfied, I feel Like Going Home, and Hoochie Coochie Man. His unique and distinctive voice conveyed anxious feelings and emotions to consultations all over the globe, while his guitar skills inspired some of rock historys greatest legends. He was known as drear irrigate a piece whose raw talent and tenacity conduct him out of Mississippi, to Chicago, to winning several industry awards, and finally into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Much of the phylogenesis of the colour genre, as well rock and roll, has been accredited to him and rightly so. Bringing the heart and soul of blues music to Chicago, marshy Waters single-handedly led the progression of Delta blues to Chicago blues, from which much of todays popular music has sprung. The origin of the blues dates back centuries. In commercial terms, it was once referred to as race music, as the artists were primarily dark and the music was marketed to black audiences.The genre eventually became know as rhythm and blues or RB a music style rooted in Africa and brought over to the US when slaves would sing Afri mass spirituals while working on plantations. American Popular practice of medicine (2006) describes RB as such RB, as the genre came to be known, was a loose cluster of styles, rooted in southern fold traditions and shaped by the experience of returning military personnel and hundreds of thousands of black Americans who had migrated to urban centers such as New York, Chicago, Detroit, and Los Angeles during and just after the war.(p. 38) As the music cosmos expanded, sub-genres of the blues came into existence. Delta blues, jump blues, and Chicago galvanizing blues were the most popular categories. foul Waters himself grew up singing Delta blues songs from that region, until he moved north to Chicago. It was in Chicago that his sound evolved and he was labeled as a Chica go electric blues artist. During the 1940s, Chicago became one of the most rapidly-growing cities in terms of black neighborhoods, which fueled the popularity and demand for blues music.Although Delta blues artists had been a favorite amongst the African American community for decades before the emergence of Muddy Waters, it was a new grammatical case of blues sound that soon became the iconic music of Chicago A very different urban blues tradition of the postwar era, Chicago electric blues, derived more than directly from the rural Mississippi Delta The musical taste of black Chicagoans, many of them recent migrants from the Deep South, tended toward rougher, grittier styles, closely linked to African American ethnic music traditions however also reflective of their new, urban orientation Muddy Waters exemplifies these developments.(Starr Waterman, 2006, p. 41) The Chicago blues scene was essentially a combination of both Yankee and southern influences. This is an example of how music, as well as society, evolves in order to embrace a new way of life while retaining its roots. Although people until now embraced musical themes from traditional Delta blues frustration, loneliness, pain they were looking for a more developed and refined sound. This new blues style, Chicago electric blues, soon became personified by Muddy Waters.His voice contained all of the grittiness and rough sounds of traditional African American music, yet his innovative guitar skills and musical phrasing appealed to audiences who were demanding a more urban feel. Muddy Waters was born McKinley Morganfield on April 4, 1913 in Issaquena County, Mississippi however, he later changed his birth year to 1915 in order to appear younger to the entertainment industry. He was born to Berta Grant, who was only a teenager at the time, and Ollie Morganfield, a cotton farmer.Muddys parents were an unconventional couple, as they never married and after his set out passed away in 1918, his grandm other Della Grant took over in raising him. He was only three years-old at the time, and Della was an extremely young grandmother of 32 years of age when he was born. Muddys initiation seemed to revolve around music from a very early age, although he did enjoy look for and playing down by a nearby creek. He would always get dirt on his clothes and mud on his face, which is how he was nicknamed Muddy Waters.Muddy was not the only musical talent in the family. His father Ollie was well-known amongst topical anaesthetics as a very skilled singer, guitarist, and washboard-player. This seemed to fuel Muddys interest in music, as he began to learn how to play a variety of instruments. He improvised by turning a kerosene can into a drum, which became his beginning(a) instrument, and that was followed by the accordion, a harp, and a box and stick that he made into his first guitar. He recalled, Couldnt do much with it, but thats how you learn (Roots, 2007).As a teenager, Muddy began li stening to blues artists such as Charlie Patton and Roosevelt Sykes. One of his greatest influences, however, was Son House. He was inspired by Houses guitar technique and would often attend live performances I was there every night, close to him. You couldnt get me out of that corner, listening to him. I watched that mans fingers and look like to me he was so good he was unlimited (Roots, 2007). By the age of 17, Muddy was able to purchase his first guitar a used Stella and began making a name for himself as a local blues artist.With his own makeshift band, Muddy performed in several local Delta clubs until he was discovered by Alan Lomax in 1941 a folklore collector who invited him to record for the Library of Congress. Lomax was searching for a blues singer comparable to Robert Johnson, whose guitar style influenced Muddys own way of playing. It was most likely Lomaxs encouragement that persuaded him to move to Chicago in 1943 he had been contemplating the idea for awhile, yet de cided against it as he did not want to leave his grandmother.After his move to Chicago, Muddy started working at a paper mill. Three years later, a man by the name of Sunnyland Slim helped him get signed to blue blood Records but his first series of recordings proved to be unsuccessful, and he would have to earn currency by driving trucks for six days out of the week, while performing nightly in local clubs. His career did not fully launch until 1948 when Aristocrat Records was sold and became Chess Records. Under this new label, he recorded his first single Rollin Stone.It was an absolute hit, and was even used to name one of the worlds most famous rock bands the Rolling Stones. By 1951, Muddy had a complete band with Otis Spann on the piano, Little Walter on the harmonica, Jimmie Rodgers on the second guitar, and Elgin Evans on the drums (Rolling Stone, 2009). He was now a major blues performer, creating some of the most iconic and influential songs in the music industry Waterss approach to the blues is different from that of blues crooners Waters was a master of the bottleneck slide guitar technique.He used his guitar to create a rock-stead, pissed off rhythm, interspersed with blues licks, which were counterpoised with his voice in a kind of musical conversation. (Starr Waterman, 2009, p. 42) He mastered the electric guitar after moving to Chicago, as the crowds were noisier than his previous audience in the Delta, and there was a high demand for dance music. He brought the traditional blues sound up from the Mississippi Delta, turned it into a more electric sound, and Chicago electric blues was born.It was this emotionally distressing style of guitar-playing that won him the name The Father of Chicago Blues, subsequently inspiring proximo rock artists such as Jimmy Hendrix, Eric Clapton, and bands of the 1960s and 1970s British explosion (Rolling Stone, 2009). Even though Muddys records were mostly sold in the Delta, New Orleans, and Chicago, his rep utation spanned the globe. Over the years, Muddy would be cited as a great influence for many artists, including Chuck Berry, Leg Zeppelin, and Angus Young of AC/DC. His songs would also be covered by other industry heavyweights such as Cream, Etta James, and Bob Dylan.Muddys success was later signified by several Grammy Awards, Blues Foundation Awards, and his posthumous induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987 (Rolling Stone, 2009). It is impossible to think of historys greatest blues artists without naming Muddy Waters he epitomizes Chicago blues. Todays artists still praise his name and discuss how he has impacted the music world with his talent and innovation. Coming up from the Delta, he brought the true soul of blues to Chicago while simultaneously melding it with a more popular sound.He created a new sub-genre in music and his voice and phenomenal guitar skills won him the respect of the entire music industry, both past and present. References Rolling Stone. (20 09). Retrieved July 28, 2009, from http//www. rollingstone. com/ artists/muddywaters/biography Roots, A. (2007). So Into Blues. Retrieved July 28, 2009, from http//www. blues- finland. com/ face/muddy_waters_biography_1. html Starr, L. , Waterman, C. (2006). American Popular Music The Rock Years. Oxford Oxford University Press.

Compare and Contrast Great Depression Essay Example for Free

Compare and Contrast Great Depression EssayThe 1929 stock merchandise crash and the subsequent broad depression was the biggest economic crisis that the ball has experienced. The depth and space of the crisis and the suffering that it caused is legendary. Therefore when the international monetary crisis struck in 2007, numerous rushed to proclaim that we were about to experience another depression on a similar scale, or at least what some have termed a great recession. This essay will compare and contrast the two economic crises to analyse the key similarities and differences amongst the two. To do this, the essay will foremost provide an out annotation of the conditions that led to the 1929 crash in the economy. Moving on from here the essay will then look at the policy responses that were utilize to tackle the crisis before analysing the conditions that precipitated the 2007 pecuniary crisis and the policy responses, to draw out the similarities and differences of each of the crises, and to ascertain were any lessons learned during the current global crisis from the policies of the great depression succession. in the long run the essay will conclude with a discussion of the main points raised by the epitome of both crises and a look at the future prospects for recovery.capitalist economy is a system of economic development that has crises as an inherent feature. Many crises have occurred both before and after the 1929 stock market crash, however the length and depth of the great depression has made it the point of reference for judging the rigour of a fiscal crisis. Much debate has occurred over the causes of the great depression. trance many see the late October 1929 New York stock market crash as the defining feature of the crisis, the reality was frequently more complex and multifaceted. As (Teichova 1990, p.8) suggests, the great depression was the deepest, all embracing (agricultural, industrial, financial, social and political) a nd longest crisis with catastrophic consequences. As fountainhead as this, although the join States led the way, this crisis was global and the rest of the reality also experienced depression. So, any analysis of the great depression must look at the various factors that caused and perpetuated it. The 1920s in America have been expound as the roaring twenties. After the devastation of the archetypical-world-war, during the 1920 to 1925 period US and international economies were experiencing a boom. During that period, world mining and manufacturing output grew by nearly twenty pct (McNally 2010, p.63).However, in terms of inequality the poor were less poor but the rich weregetting richer at a rate of four to one. As headspring as this, four fifths of American had no savings compared to twenty-four thousand families at the top who held a third of all savings combined (Canterbery 2011, p.13). During the boom, ninety partage of all Americans byword their incomes fall in relativ e terms (McNally 2010, p.64). A factor in this was an increase in union-busting and anti-labour laws which increased income inequality. As well as this, agriculture, coal mining and textile industries were suffering from a post-war hangover which saw their profitability dec border and in many instances wiped out. This inequality which concentrated wealthiness in so few hands led to a Brobdingnagian increase in consumer credit which in turn sparked off rising levels of mysterious debt and a massive speculative bubble in the form of a situation boom in Florida (Canterbery 2011, pp.13-14). The mania of speculation was not confined to property and between May 1924 and the end of 1925, there was a long eighty percent rise in stock prices. The trend continued and as Galbraith (2009, p.16) has suggested, in early 1928, the nature of the boom changed. The mass escape into make believe, so much a part of the speculative orgy, started in earnest.During 1928, the Times Industrials (a pre- cursor to the DOW) gained a huge thirty-five percent, from two-hundred and forty-five points to three-hundred and thirty-one points. To maximise their gambling salary, many investors financed their purchase of stocks with borrowed money, with speculators buying one-thousand dollars of stock by putting down one-hundred dollars (Canterbery 2011, p.15). Of course, capitalisms bubbles must always burst, and this was no exception. The US real economy was showing signs on a slowdown long before the stock market crash. However, on Wednesday October 23rd 1929, a drop in the stock market lost four months of previous gains and the following day dread selling began. This was briefly halted by a meeting of the nations biggest bankers who promised to pool their resources to halt the slide. Their efforts however were futile and on Black Tuesday October 29th the bottom fell out of the market, self-aggrandising up all of the gains of the previous year (McNally 2010, p.65).Most economists agree that the great depression that ensued lasted for over ten years. Its economic impact was striking as gross national product fell from a peak of $104.4 zillion in mid-1929 to $56.6 billion in 1933. Its social impact was even more harrowing as twenty-five percent of the US civilian labour force was unemployed by 1933, the worst point of thedepression (Canterbery 2011, p.18). There are a descend of competing explanations as to why the crisis was so voiceless. Explanations can be grouped into the two categories of monetarist and non-monetarist. For example, in a mixture of the two Ben Bernanke (1983) suggests that there were three interlinked factors that propagated the great depression. The first was the failure of financial institutions, in particular commercial banks. The percentage of failing banks in 1930 was 5.6% jumping to 12.9% in 1933 and this left a situation whereby in 1933 there were half the twist of banks that had been op epochting in 1929 (Ibid, p.259).Bernanke goes o n to cite defaults and bankruptcies as key, with the ratio of debt service to national income going from nine percent in 1929 to nearly twenty percent in 1933. This was pervasive across all sectors with home mortgages farm mortgages, personal debtors and even raise governments defaulting on their obligations (Ibid, p.260). However, key to Bernankes view was the correlation of the financial crisis with macroeconomic factors. The crux of this view was that the financial crisis affected the macro-economy by reducing the quality of certain financial services, primarily credit intermediation (Ibid, p.263). In line with the monetarist view, it could also be argued that the Federal Reserve did not help matters. Its policy at the time was only to increase the credit base in line with requirements of softwood, which essentially meant that as businesses were afraid to borrow, the Federal Reserve did not increase the money supply.Somewhat similar to the monetarist elements of Bernankes analy sis is that of Friedman and Schwartz (1971,pp. 359-60) who argue that the crisis that originated in the unite States was a domestic construct which was prolonged and deepened by a failed policy of failing to cut the discount rate, which meant a failure to provide credit and amplify the currency. Kindleberger (1986a) taking a similar monetarist position but focusing more on international factors suggests that the world depression stemmed from reparations and war debt, the overvaluation of the pound, the make to the gold standard in Britain and an undervalued French franc. These factors were aggravated by a fall in commodities and a rise in stocks in New York. From a non-monetarist perspective US government actions were no better, with the introduction of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff in mid-1930, sparking of a wave of protectionist tariffs around the world and a trade war which saw world trade figures nosedive (Canterbery 2011, p.19).Thedeflationary process was exacerbated by the huge l evels of unemployment, which combined with other factors to initiate the multiplier/accelerator interaction, reinforced by wage-cut apply under-consumption as wages fell for manufacturing production workers by at least thirty-one percent between 1929 and 1933, as well as debt deflation and international interactions (Devine 1994, p.166). term this was happening, consumer prices only fell twenty percent during the 1929-33 period. This, as Devine points out helps to explain that falling consumption was a major factor in the decline in GNP during this time, more so than previous or subsequent recessions (Ibid). There are others such as Temin (1976) who suggests that monetarist explanations are wrong, and it was consumption and spending that declined first, therefore trail to a tightening of the money supply. Therefore, it was not monetary factors alone that caused the depression.Taking a different approach to explaining the depth and length of the depression, Kindleberger cites the lack of a loaner of last resort as the major factor preventing any form of fast recovery (Kindleberger 1986b, p.4). This he suggests was due to Britains inability after the offset printing World War, and the United States unwillingness to act in that regard. What each of these arguments above show is there is still no consensus on the policy responses that would have prevented such a deep depression occurring. Such a lack of a consensus has also been a feature of the current global crisis. Since the global financial crisis broke out, many have rushed to make comparisons between it and the great depression. However, before one makes these comparisons, an analysis of the fundamental differences in the nature of the capitalist system between instantaneously and then must be undertaken.After the World War boom in output and the post-war move to Keynesian economics, which essentially saved capitalism from self-implosion, the emergence of neoliberal capitalism in the latter 1970s in the form of Reaganism in the US and Thatcherism in Britain ushered in a new era of capitalist development that was distinctly different from its previous incarnations. This period of capitalist modification saw the creation of the era of what Canterbury has termed casino capitalism (Canterbery 2011, pp.83-121). He suggests that this era began with three powerful forces converging. These were monetarism, which Milton Friedman advised Regan would bring down inflation with minimal effect on employment or production, the influence of theneo-Austrians who sought to reduce state influence over entrepreneurs through deregulation and finally, the pervasive idea that less taxes on the rich produced the trickle-down effect (Ibid, p.83).Regans policies during this era, continued under the Clinton administration gave huge power over to Wall St through deregulation, and contributed to a huge shift from production to financial services. As the financial sector grew its asset base, it became a muc h bigger part of the national economy. This can be seen in the fact that between 1978 and 2005, the financial sector grew from 3.5 percent to 5.9 percent of the US economy in GDP terms. To put this in perspective, from the 1930s to around 1980 the rate of growth for the financial sector was roughly the same as that of the non-financial sector. However, from 1980 to 2005 financial sector profits grew by eight-hundred percent, compared with two-hundred and fifty percent for the non-financial sector (Ibid, pp.116-117).This form of capitalism, where value and profit are not produced but the result of speculation is a form that gives huge power to unelected rating agencies and bankers to set the agenda, which even governments and international institutions find difficult to alter. It was under this system of capitalism that the global financial crisis emerged. Many different arguments for the causes of the global crisis exist and whilst it can be difficult to pin down the exact occasion because of its global nature, there is agreement on a number of factors. plainly like its sister crisis the great depression, before the global crisis struck, the global economy went through a boom period with the world economy growing at a faster rate between 2001 and 2007 than in any other period in the past thirty years (Wade 2008, p.23). Most agree that the crisis was sparked by the subprime mortgage bubble collapse in the United States. However this spark was not the sole cause of the crisis. Just like the great depression, the factors that caused the crisis were numerous. Although signs of an emerging crisis first appeared in 2006-7, it was not until 2008 when banks such as Lehman Brothers were going to the wall and financial assets were crashing that the full extent of the crisis was realised. As a result, flows of credit dried up and economies the world over started to suffer.However, this crisis was not solely a monetary crisis and had deeper dynamics at play. In particu lar, the financialisation of capitalism being built upon debts as a means of qualification profit (McNally 2010, p.86). The subprimemortgage crisis is illustrative of this. For example, in the year 2000 there was $130 billion of subprime lending in the US, fannyed up with $55 billion of mortgage bonds. Yet by 2005, those figures had jumped to $625 billion in subprime loans backed by $500 billion in securitised bonds (Ibid, p.103). The speculative orgy, as Galbraith termed it speaking on the 1929 crash, was back with a bang. What exacerbated the orgy more was the creating of innovative financial instruments in the form of credit default swaps (CDS) and other debt securities. For example, by 2006 the CDS on mortgage bonds was eight time the value of the bonds themselves, so when the crisis hit, that wealth was wiped out (Ibid, p.103).The European context experienced similar problems as contagion spread throughout the world economy. Trade imbalances inside the Eurozone created by t he power of the German economy, in particular its exports produced vast wealth within Germany, generating credit that was more than was required for domestic demand. The result was an outflow of tinny and easy credit to peripheral European states. This in turn with low interest rates created the basis for a speculative property bubble in places such as Ireland and Spain, and a rise in consumer debt across Europe (Avellaneda and Hardiman 2010, pp.4-5). This, coupled with the ECB having light regulatory practices and liquidity responsibilities, and the fact that the Euro project created an quasi-federal state with a cardinalised monetary and exchange rate policy, but had no fiscal control over individual states led to a disaster of structural institution in the Euro which prevented adequate policy responses from individual states, who instead were burdened with a one size fits all, centralised Franco / German led response. It is clear that the immediate causes of the crisis were ce ntred on excessive debt supplement or imprudent lending (Wade 2008, p.27). Much of this debt leveraging was in the form of the complexly structured credit securities, like the CDS, and when market panic set in following the collapse of Lehman, and this huge default risk pushed investors towards the tipping point.However, as Bernanke (2010) has pointed out, many factors were at play. Although the most prominent was the prospect of losses on the subprime market when the housing bubble burst, the system vulnerabilities as well as shortfalls in government responses explain the severity of the crisis. For example, the sudden stop in June 2007 of syndicated lending of asset backed securities to macroscopic borrowers. Other factors included theoverreliance of banks on short-term wholesale funding, deficiencies in private sector risk management, an over-reliance on ratings agencies, excessive leverage on the part of households, businesses and financial firms, statutory gaps in regulation on special purpose vehicles and a failure of existing regulatory procedures worldwide (Bernanke 2010). Although causality had similarities between the United States and Europe, the policy responses to deal with the crisis have been markedly different. Quite early into the crisis, perhaps learning from past mistakes from the great depression, the US government approved various Keynesian inspired fiscal stimuli and financial and auto sector bailouts. In particular, the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), a $700 billion give up fund for the banking sector which bought toxic loans at reduced rates (Nguyen and Enomoto 2011). This policy has been seen to be a relative success with an estimated final cost of $32 billion to the United States taxpayer (Congressional Budget Office 2012).In contrast to this, the European solution has been overwhelmingly austerity based, and the cost of the crisis being mainly burdened by the taxpayers of Europe. In particular, the Irish taxpayers bill for the bailout of one bank, Anglo Irish will cost the taxpayer more than the total final cost of the TARP program in the United States. In this regard, it does not seem that lessons from the great depression have been learned in a European context. When we look to the rates of unemployment over the past number of years, it seems like the American policy of stimulus may be working slightly better than the European austerity agenda. For example, in the US unemployment rose sharp after the onset of the financial crisis going from 4.6 percent in 2007, to 7.2 percent in 2008, 9.3 percent in 2009 and 9.7 percent in 2010.However, in 2011 there has been a decline in unemployment to 9 percent (Index Mundi 2012). The European Union (twenty seven members) on the other hand has seen its unemployment rate grow from 8.3 percent in 2006, to 9 percent in 2009 and 9.7 percent in 2011(United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2012) to a current figure of 11.7 percent (Eurostat 2012). So, how does th e global crisis match up to the great depression? It is obvious that there are a number of similarities between the two crises. For example, with both crises there was an extended period of economic growth earlier the crashes. Each of the crisis periods also saw speculative bubbles based on the flow of easy creditwhich fuelled both property based and stock market excess. two crises also saw staggering drops in Industrial production and increases in unemployment. However, there are also key differences between the great depression and the global crisis. Primarily, the nature of the capitalist system has changed fundamentally from productive industrialisation to financial capitalisation.The policy responses of governments have also showed that lessons have been learned, especially in the American case, where Keynesianism and central bank intervention has been preferred to the Laissez-faire attitude during the great depression. In a European context, the decision to make taxpayers fo ot the bill for the losses of financial speculators marks a departure from the policies of the great depression where speculators suffered heavy losses. There are of course other key differences between the two crises in-so-far as although initially the global crisis seemed every bit as bad, if not worse than the great depression, there are now signs that this may not be the case. For example, by measuring from the peaks in industrial production the decline in industrial production in the nine month period from April 2008 was at least as severe as in the nine months following the June 1929 peak (Eichengreen and ORourke 2009). Similarly, in that initial nine month period, global stock markets were falling even faster than in the Great Depression and World trade was also falling much faster than in 1929-30 (Ibid). However the authors of this study have revised their analysis for 2012 and it paints an altogether different picture.The levels of industrial production had shown shoots of recovery over the past couple of years but growth of global industrial output now appears to be slowing. The upturn had been promising, but this follows months when production was essentially stagnant. Notably in the Eurozone, industrial production declined (Eichengreen and ORourke 2012). Since initial early forecasts, global trade had showed signs of recovery But trade is now also fluctuating without direction, at levels barely higher than those of April 2008 (Ibid). As the authors also point out, while equity markets have recovered to a large degree compared with their initial drop, it is worth observing that world equity markets remain considerably below pre-crisis levels (Ibid).The somewhat gloomy outlook is confirmed by the modish United Nations World Economic Situation and Prospects pre-release document which states Four years after the eruption of the global financial crisis, the world economyis still struggle to recover. During 2012, global economic growth has weakened fu rther. A growing number of developed economies have fallen into a double-dip recession. Those in severe sovereign debt melancholy moved even deeper into recession, caught in the downward spiralling dynamics from high unemployment, weak aggregate demand compounded by fiscal austerity, high public debt burdens, and financial sector fragility (United Nations 2012, p.1).So, although there are signs that the global crisis may not be as severe as the great depression, recent economic forecasts do not suggest that there will be a clear path to recovery in the near future. Capitalism has been proven to be supersensitised to crises and cycles of boom and bust. The two cases here have been the most high profile of those crises. It does seem that some of the lessons of the great depression have been learned to reduce the severity of the global crisis. However, only time will tell if these lessons will ultimately stop a double dip global recession and if lessons can be learned from the global crisis for the inevitable next financial crisis that will come down the line.

Australian Standard 3.2.3 for Food Premises and Equipment Essay Example for Free

Australian Standard 3.2.3 for Food Premises and Equipment EssayIn Australia, assumptions where eaterys, bars etc ar to be established have to adhere some standards. These standards have been developed by the Australia New Zealand Food Authority ANZFA in collaboration and consultation with both the present and Territory health authorities, the other interested institutions, the nourishment industry and general public. For establishing a restaurant cum bar, one has to follow the rules and regulations set out in the standard 3. 2. 3 Food Premises and Equipment.It is to be noned that new standards mirror international best pr characterizationice on inventing and establishing a restaurant cum bar. These standards have become mandatory with effect from February 2001 in Australia. The main objective of the standard 3. 2. 3 is mainly to make sure that the layout of the premises lessens the chances for food contamination. It is the duty of the food business to make sure that the fo od premises ,fittings ,fixtures , transport vehicles , equipment are designed in such a way that it is constructed to be cleaned and , wherever essential , sanitised.Further, food business must make sure that the premises are offered with the required services of waste disposal, water, ventilation system, wispy, cleaning and personal hygiene facilities, stock space and free access to toilets. The design and construction of food premises should consist the following ? It should be suitable for the activities for which the building or premise is employed. ? It should contain enough space for the activities to be carried out on the food premises and for the equipment, furniture and fittings employed for the food activities. ? The food premises should be unploughed clean and if essential , it should be sanitized and? It should try to avoid the following ? Should avoid dust, dirty, smoke, fumes and other contaminants. ? Not to allow the entry of pests and ? Not to act as breeding g rounds for pests. It is to be noted that if a food business operate without licence or without an accredited food safety program, accordingly it will be liable to fined for 1000 units wherein a penalty unit equal to Australian $ 75. The following assumptions have been made for this research essay. a) The toilet facilities be with the relevant building and plumbing legislation and the position of the facilities is located as detailed in the plans.b) There is a common bulk waste and recyclables storage area in the on the ground floor of a multi-level shopping complex where the proposed restaurant cum bar is to be located. c) The proposed premise meets all township planning requirements and that an application is not required under the Integrated Planning Act 1997. Steps to be perused before making an application for the approval of design and plan It should be noted that applicant should prior to under dupe any commencement of work on his proposed food premises he should first take approval from the Councils health services.The application should include two copies of plan and design for the proposed restaurant cum bar. The plans must adhere to a scale of not less than 1100 and must include the following- o Particulars of the proposed layout of the restaurant cum bar exhibiting the position of all benches, equipment, appliances, fixtures and counters. o Details of judicial admission which should list all tangible to be employed , finishes to floors , ceiling ,walls ,work benches ,cupboards and descriptions /details of all equipments to be employed including the model number and the manufacturers stimulate wherever applicable.o Details regarding the types of food involved the specifications if work to be carried out in each area and the total number of proposed employees. o Particulars of susceptibility of the hot water service which includes the service rating. o Where mechanical ventilation is demanded , additional plans must be forwarded which include A full dimensional bill of exchange exhibiting front and end elevation. Details relating to the filter capacity, rated motor power and provision for make up air. 2. ASSESSING THE APPLICATION AND PLANS? It is to be noted that all construction techniques and methods are to be in compliance with the building code of Australia 2005/2006 VOL 1, and should adhere all Australian standards and council building guidelines. ? The walls should be of an approved smooth flat impervious material and finished in light coloured washable glass paint. ? Ceiling to be of an approved smooth non-absorbant imperious material and finished in light coloured glass paint. ? Floors, ceilings and walls should be free from any cracks or crevaces. ? All fittings fixed to the walls shall be sealed with an approved sealant.? Bench tops should be 1. 2 mm s/s bonded to 18mm waterproof ply backing and painted underside with white glass enamel. ? All ducts ,pipes , electrical wirings and like fittings not hidden in walls shall be mounted on brackets with a token(prenominal) 25 millimetres clearance from walls and 150 millimetres clearance from the floor. ? If no approval for a mechanical ventilation system is given separately, then food premises should have only equipment not requiring a mechanical exhaust ventilation system which complies with AS1668.21991, which is permitted at heart the food premises. ? The food premises should have adequate artificial or natural lighting, Light fittings shall be recessed or flush mounted and fitted with a cover or diffuser and constructed to prevent contamination of food with dust, dirt or other falling matter. ? The food premises should have coving with a minimum radius of 25 millimetres and continued up all fixtures, walls and plinths for not less than 70millimetres. The coving shall be an integral part of the floor surface.? The food premises should have wheels or castors on all heavy equipment over 16 kilograms to permit easy movement for cleaning o f the floor area ? Premises should have impervious barrier, at least 300mm in height in between the double bowl sink and hand washbasin provided within the front area. ? Food premises should be effectively offer pest proof. The following table will help to analyse the significant factors that have to be considered while assessing the application and plans in the illustration of a new restaurant cum bar.

Floating Restaurants Are A New Phenomenon Marketing Essay

Floating eaterys Are A New Phenomenon Marketing auditionFloating restaurants are a spic-and-span phenomenon for dine out in Cairo, where customers can be provided not only with a meal but in like manner an entertaining effortless dining experience with unrivalled views of the Nile River. This study aims to identify customers perceptions of the floating restaurants sailing down the Nile River and also explores the distinct attributes that influence customer triumph with, and increase the intention of repeat patronage for, Sailing Floating Restaurants. Frequencies, means, Pearson correlations, cross tab and factor analysis were used for the data analysis. The results indicate that aspects such as parking spaces, healthy, and local dishes, along with rest-room cleanliness are pivotal attributes to create satisfied customers and to increase repeat patronage intentions. Floating restaurant managers should reasonably discern into regard the trip length, which contributes signific antly to customers satisfaction and repeat patronage intentions.(Published in 2011).Likewise, if there are some(prenominal) local traditions when the behaviour of domestic clients whitethorn seem unreassuring to uninitiated foreign guests, such as the rowdy lutefisk evenings in some Norwegian restaurants (Jensen and Hansen, 2007).The study by Jensen and Hansen (2007) suggested that harmony is the most emphasized place among experienced restaurant consumers in Norway.The findings of otherwise studies on value and satisfaction provide support for linking value to satisfaction, not satisfaction to value (Babin, Lee, Kim, Griffin, 2005 J nonpareils, Reynolds, Arnold, 2006).For example, studies show that neighborhoods calm of racial and ethnic minorities have more than twice the number of fast- victuals restaurants (Block, Scribner, and DeSalvo 2004 Ball).Such women may be more probably to encounter environmental barriers to healthy sustenance choices, oft living in neighborh oods with fewer supermarkets (Morland et al, 2002b) and more fast nourishment restaurants (Block et al, 2004).Dining motivation may affect this relationship because it determines consumers evaluative judgments during their dining experiences (Park, 2004).Consumers anticipate safe food and demand information about the origin of their food (Van Rijswijk Frewer, 2008).It has been found in many studies that restaurateurs are concerned with making lasting impressions, perpetuating a wonderful dining experience and creating an impressive ambiance for their customers (Cheng, 2006 DiPeitro, Murphy, Riviera, Muller, 2007 Gupta, McLaughlin, Gomez, 2007 Lacey, 2007 Oh, 2008 Ryu, 2005).If customers are satisfied with the food or service in a restaurant then they are more likely to re-visit it and thus increase its profits (Gupta et al., 2007).Several researchers controlled for the effect of advertising and promotions in their studies on customer loyalty because of their influence (Buckinx Van den Poel, 2004 Chu et al, 2007 Gupta, McLaughlin, Gomez, 2007).Service differentiation means enhancing sensed value by providing services or service attributes not provided by the competition (Claycomb and Martin, 2001, p. 391).Here, a small number of studies note the importance of the congruence and compatibility surrounded by the perceived attitudes and behaviours of fellow customers within the service shapeting, that is, the extent to which patrons within the service environment behave in a manner that is deemed appropriate by other customers present (see Grove Fisk, 1997 Martin, 1996).Park (2004) defined the consumer value of eating-out as the value consumers derived from food, service, and restaurants when eating-out, which suggests that customers do not pursue dining value only to satisfy their hunger.On the other hand, less(prenominal) restrictive zoning in low-income areas may have contributed to an abundance of unhealthy food options, particularly fast food (Block et al. 2004 Morland et al. 2002).Restaurants tend to be less lively in preferred customer program unlike hotel or airline industry because restaurant customers favor immediate, necessary, and monetary gratification (Jang Mattila, 2005).Convenience therefore becomes one of the briny motivators for restaurant customers in choosing a restaurant (Jang Mattila, 2005).Kivela (1997) segmented restaurant customers on the basis of preferred restaurant types, including fine dining/gourmet, theme/atmosphere, family/popular and doodad/fast-food restaurantsIn the history of restaurant management, providing compelling sensory experiences to patrons has been critical for deriving patron satisfaction, and restaurants have thus invested large amounts of expenditure in interior/ exterior decoration (Kivela, 1997 Law, To, Goh, 2008) and food presentation (Kivela et al, 1999 Namkung Jang, 2008 Raajpoot, 2002).Research conducted by Mona and Roy, (1999) Pettijohn, Pettijohn, and Luke (1997) Kivela (1997) Gregoire, Shanklin, Greathouse, and Tripp (1995) Auty (1992), and Lewis (1981) found food quality, including food safety and hygiene, to be either the first or second most burning(prenominal) restaurant choice factor.In fast-food restaurants, price, convenience, and limited service are the basic characteristics, which have led to quality being one of the principal concepts of the marketing strategy (Baek, Ham, Yang, 2006).The enjoyment of fast-food has also increased throughout the industrialized world in countries as diverse as Spain, Korea, the Philippines, and Australia (Baek, Ham, Yang, 2006 Bryant Dundes, 2008 Mohammad, Barker, Kandampully, 2005).Previous studies have examined restaurant preferences associated with different groups such as origins of nationality (Barta, 2008 Gyimothy, Rassing Wanhill, 2000), different meal purposes (Cullen, 2004 Koo, Tao, Yeung, 1999), length of stay (Gyimothy et al, 2000), and age (Gyimothy et al, 2000 Yamanaka, Almanza, Nelson , DeVaney, 2003).According to the study conducted by Cullen (2004), portion size is a more important attribute to young consumers.To date numerous studies have been undertaken seeking to address such selection variables including but not limited to customer loyalty (Kim and Han, 2008), ambience (Rowe, 2004), pricing strategy (Pedraja and Yague, 2001), location (Buchtal, 2006 Knutson et al, 2006), plug-in variety (Choi, Lee and Mok, 2010), food type and food quality within occasion (Auty, 1992), consumer demographics (Bareham, 2004 Kim, Raab and Bergman, 2010), nutritional content (Wootan and Osborn, 2006) and service and/or product quality Fu and Parks, 2001) sequence many previous studies were also conducted in an actual restaurant setting (Jang Namkung, 2009 Kivela, Inbakaran, Reece, 2000) the uniqueness of this research is that the notion of Gestalt was adopted, and the interactive effects of perceived congruency and individuals pleasure or arousal on satisfaction were being tested.The perception that a restaurant has a repu dining turn off, green operation adds a value that is a little more intangible, but definitely important, in the customers mind. Just ask Chipotle how in the world they get away with selling an $8 burrito in a fast casual environment. clients recognize the value of their green practices and locally sourced ingredients. There are hundreds of ways to make your restaurant more green, and advertising your practices to your customers add value. (Greg McGuire , 2012).Another top restaurant dilute is portion sizes. Reduced portion sizes allow customers to spend less or pick and choose more than one dish. This is also a hot line because the perceived value for the customer is that they have options, and not all of them require a lot of money. (Greg McGuire , 2012)Restaurant Marketing Using the Internet to Create Customer ValueBy Rohit Verma, Executive Director, Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchCo-authored by Glenn Withiam, Executiv e Editor, Cornell Hospitality QuarterlyCustomer value extends far beyond the table or the restaurant itself. Restaurateurs have the opportunity to create customer value from the first contact, whether that means a tele earphone stockpile or an electronic ball club or reservation. The restaurant operators decision of whether to permit electronic ordering or to accept reservations via the web depends on numerous factors, including balancing guest preferences against the cost of move in third-party reservation grades. Studies of consumers who have made electronic reservations find that those who prefer the web tend to be younger customers who dine out more a great deal than others.The age-old principle of customer value for the restaurant industry is to put the value where the customer can see it. Putting the value on the plate, is substantive and that concept hasnt changed in many years. But the customer value chain for restaurants starts long before the guest is seated. Given he avy competition and ever-expanding marketing carry, a restaurateur may never get the chance to demonstrate the value of the plate on the table-if guests book a different restaurant. The battle begins in expert getting the guest to the table in the first place. In this article, we offer a roadmap to electronic reservations and distribution, based on several studies of guests use of electronic food ordering, flash deal couponing, and third-party reservation applications. We frame this discussion in terms of customer value for the simple reason that guests seek value throughout the experience, and they leave not become involved where they do not see value. This is particularly true in terms of flash deals. While guests may try a restaurant once using a daily deal coupon, they will not do so twice if value has not been received.The presence of sociable media and web commentaries seems to have altered customers decision process as they decide which restaurant to book. In the usual pro cess, guests have in mind a set of potential restaurants, and then they apply their own criteria to choose one of those restaurants. The way social media affect this process is that would-be customers who read online reviews may add new restaurants to their choice set during the decision process. Thus, the winning restaurant might well be one that was suggested by the review of a perfect stranger, rather than one that was originally under consideration.Daily deal offers also exert considerable influence on the process. A study by Cornell Professor Chekitan Dev found that an astounding 70 portion of purchases for travel experiences were made within 15 minutes of receiving an offer from the group coupon firm LivingSocial. In this instance, the decision appears to be a function of price, rather than one of brand. As weve discussed previously, daily deals must be carefully crafted to ensure that the offer is successful for both the restaurant and the purchasers.If you are adaptation this in a location where social media have not yet penetrated, you may have the luxury of preparing for a time when the internet gains increasing superpower in your distribution process. While some of our discussion here focuses on restaurants that use reservations, its also true that social media influence the decision process for restaurants that take only walk-ins and use a queue to control table occupancy, rather than reservations. Beyond that, there may come a day when guests will expect to be able to view your queue on the web, and thus determine whether they want to wait in that queue or choose another restaurant. Its light-headed to foresee a possible marketing approach of letting guests know that your queue is only 15 minutes long if they come immediately to the restaurant. victuals OrderingWith that background, lets examine how the internet is affecting food-service purchases and restaurant reservations. Considering that the internet is a logical method for ordering food deliveries, Cornell Professor Sheryl Kimes examined the use of the websites for ordering food for carryout or for livery. While about half of the 470 people surveyed had used some form of electronic ordering, the number-one channel remains the telephone call, which was used for 53 percent of the orders in this study. This study covers U.S. residents, so the proportions may be different elsewhere. Nevertheless, the webs impact continues to rise everywhere.While theres no indication that the telephone will be eclipsed any time soon, electronic ordering is growing steadily. Just over 38 percent of the survey respondents had placed an electronic order, mostly using the restaurants own website. The number-one make that customers cited for electronic ordering was accuracy. They also liked websites that were convenient, gave them strong control, and made ordering easy. Its worth noting that convenience in this case also extended to offering delivery of the food once it was ordered. On the other side of the coin, customers who avoided the web for food ordering preferred personal interaction-they wanted to talk to someone. There was also a current of technological anxiety among those who didnt use the web to order food.A comparison of the demographics and purchase patterns of technology users and nonusers provides reasons for restaurants to offer as many ordering channels as possible. Respondents who made electronic orders tended to be younger than those who did not, and the technology users also patronized restaurants more frequently. An earlier study by Technomic found that 60 percent of people between 18 and 34 years have ordered online, but for people over 35 that figure falls to 35 percent.Restaurant operators in the United States are not oblivious to this trend. Just under one-fourth of the 326 largest U.S-based chains offered online food ordering. While we do not have figures for other nations, the direction of the trend is clear. For this study, the type of food ordered most frequently is Italian-style food, particularly pizza.Electronic ReservationsIf your restaurant accepts reservations, chances are they are being made by telephone. Just as the phone remains the top channel for ordering food, the same is true for restaurant reservations. However, what is not clear when the phone rings is how your guest found you. In this study of 474 U.S. consumers, Professor Kimes (working with co-researcher Katherine Kies) again found a steady growth in the use of websites and mobile phone apps for making restaurant reservations. What she also found was a trend that connects electronics and the telephone. Guests would use the web or a mobile app to locate a restaurant, and then they would complete the reservation on the telephone. More on that in a moment.Respondents to this survey had similar feelings about internet reservations as they did about electronic food ordering. Those who made reservations on the phone preferred the personal touch. Once again the online group is noticeably younger than the telephone-only group, and the web users have a tendency to visit restaurants more frequently than do other customer groups. So, once again, the online crowd appears to be an attractive demographic.One of the difficult decisions for restaurateurs is whether to use a multiple-restaurant reservation site. The decision is not always a simple one, even though reservation sites are growing in popularity, because they do incur an expense. Most reservation sites charge a monthly fee, sum total a per-diner fee. Signing an agreement with one of these sites also removes a certain amount of control over the reservation process. Perhaps the greatest concern regarding these sites is the surmise that they do not provide incremental business. That is, a restaurant could very well be paying for an electronic reservation that would have been made anyway, by telephone or on the restaurants own website. Even if the reservations do represent incre mental business, restaurants thin operating margins also raise questions about the value of third-party reservation sites.Balanced against the concerns regarding reservation sites is their undeniable popularity among some would-be restaurant guests. About 60 percent of the respondents who had made an electronic reservation used a multiple-restaurant site for their transaction. Two favorable considerations are that using the web reduces the need to have someone answering the phone for reservations and theoretically the restaurant can promote itself by its presence on the reservation site. The sites also provide an electronic reservations book and offer certain table management tools, as well as capturing customer data.The top reason for choosing a restaurant given by this surveys respondents was their previous experience with the restaurant, following by recommendations of friends. However, when this question was posed to those who use multiple-restaurant sites, social media became entwined in the decision process, as we described at the beginning of this article. While experience and cuisine had strong influence, the users of multiple-restaurant sites were significantly more likely to rely on online reviews in choosing a restaurant. Regardless of how they placed the reservation, the most important element, according to these respondents, is the ability to get the time and date they wanted. Reservation accuracy was also important. This group was comparatively not concerned about personal contact.The study found that website users do more than just place reservations through the multiple-restaurant sites. They also use these sites to check table availability and to locate a particular restaurant. Additionally, the would-be guests also use websites to find a new restaurant. It is this finding that raises the possibility that restaurant operators should consider the theoretical marketing value of being listed on a multiple-restaurant site. Having located a restau rant, about one-third of the respondents completed the reservation using the telephone. The rest either act with the reservation on the multiple-restaurant site or they switched to the restaurants own site.In conclusion, the decision of how to connect with your customer depends on your knowledge of how to create value for your customer. It may be that being listed on a multiple-restaurant site or offering delivery for electronic orders is an ideal fit for your restaurant. On the other hand, the cost of third-party reservation sites may not be justified by either the incremental reservations or marketing value. Moreover, for the restaurant industry, personal contact through the telephone is still important. By remembering that the creation of customer value begins with the first contact, you can ensure an excellent experience that puts the value where the customer can see it.http//hotelexecutive.com/business_review/3133/restaurant-marketing-using-the-internet-to-create-customer-valu e

Experiment of Calcium Carbonate Composition of Eggshells

Experiment of Calcium Carbonate Composition of EggshellsINTRODUCTIONCalcium change, CaCO3, is found in nature giving hardness and strength to things such as seashells, rocks, and peltshells. As hard as this substance is, it will react readily with hydrochloric acid to accede carbon dioxide gas (and both other products). In this experiment students will design an experiment by reacting casings with 2 M HCl to comp atomic tot up 18 the calcium change composition of white (chicken) ballshells to brown eggshells.A good smell eggshell will contain, on average, 2.2 grams of calcium in the form of calcium carbonate. Approximately 94% of a dry eggshell is calcium carbonate and has a typical mass of 5.5 grams,1 although these values brush off differ depending on sources. Amounts as low as 78% have been published. The remaining mass is composed largely of phosphorus and magnesium, and trace amounts of sodium, potassium, zinc, manganese, iron, and copper. In the case of brown versus w hite eggs, a definitive variety in calcium carbonate amounts may be hard to uncover. However, consider this. The color of the eggs is nothing more than than a result of a variant breed. The quality, nutritional value, and taste are identical between white and brown eggs, though two notable differences are size and price. Brown eggs are usually larger and slightly more expensive. The reason for the price increase is because brown eggs come from larger hens, which need to be fed more food daily. With a larger intake of calcium each day, one might expect the produced egg to have a higher calcium carbonate content. However, since the eggs are larger, it must be kept in mind that the calcium is spread over a larger surface area during egg formation. A brown eggshells increased tendency to break, when compared to white, is often attributed to this thinning out of calcium during deposition.To avoid the breakage of eggs before reaching market, the eggshells needs to be as strong as possi ble. The strength of eggshells is mainly determined by the percentage of calcium carbonate in it. In order to monitor the quality of eggshells, the following experiment has to be done to determine the percentage of calcium carbonate in eggshells. In this experiment, back titration is use. First, excess acid is reacted with the calcium carbonate in eggshells.2HCl(aq)+CaCO3(s)CaCl2(aq)+ water(l)+CO2(g)Later, if we can find out the number of mole of unreacted acid, number of mole of calcium carbonate can then be found out. The number of mole of unreacted acid can be found by titration with the following reaction.HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq)H2O(l)+NaCl(aq)Percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in eggshell can then be calculated by the following formula4.2AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThe purpose of this experiment is to determine the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in eggshells.design an experiment that quantifies the amount of calcium carbonate present in a naturalsubstance.relate the amount of a re actant or product of a chemical reaction to another reactant or product.work collaboratively with their peers to solve a given problem in the laboratory in a way that models the scientific method.apply a common acid reaction between hydrochloric acid and the carbonate ion.Chapter 2THEORY METHOLOGYPRINCIPLE OF THE EXPERIMENTDuring this experiment, the percentage of CaCO3 in an eggshell is determined by reacting the eggshell with hydrochloric acid. The equation for this reaction is2HCl (aq) + CaCO3(s)Ca2+ (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l) + 2Cl- (aq)This reaction cannot be used directly titrate with the CaCO3. Instead, an excess of hydrochloric acid is added to answer the eggshell, and the remaining acid is titrated with NaOH solution to determine the amount of acid that did not react with the eggshell. The equation used to determine the amount of leftover acid isHCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) H2O (l) + Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENTSBeaker Pipette FillerElectronicbalanceVolumetric flaskB uretteWash bottleMortar and pestle Conical flasksWhite tileFilter funnelFiltter typography 25.00 cm3 pipetteCHEMICALS USED2 M HCl Phenolphthalein2 M NaOHPROCEDUREWhite and Red colour eggshells have taken and the protein tissue layer was removed on the inside of the eggshells.The eggshell was washed with distilled waterDried in an oven for few minutes.The eggshell was then grounded into fine powder by trench mortar and pestle.2g of eggshell powder is tilted accurately by using an electronic balance and it was transferred to a conical flask.25.00 cm3 of HCl was pipetted to dissolve the eggshell powder.Distilled water was added to the flask until it reached intimately 100cm3. The flask was swirled gently.Put the solution into cubed for two days.Faltered the solution using filter papers.Pippet out 25.00 cm3 from each solutions to titration flasks.The solution was then titrated with standardized NaOH.Repeat another two samples from each solution.Collect the correct burette readings a t the end point.Chapter 3EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSTHE COLOR CHANGE OF THE SOLUTIONWhite egg Brown eggColourless pink Colourless pinkTHE TITRATION RESULT OF BROWN EGG123Volume of eggshells solution/cm325.0025.0025.00Volume of NaOH used/cm320.1019.9020.10 number quite a little of NaOH used (20.10+19.90+20.10) = 20.03cm33THE TITRATION RESULT OF WHITE EGG123Volume of eggshells solution/cm325.0025.0025.00Volume of NaOH used/cm320.4020.3520.00*Average volume of NaOH used (20.40+20.35+20.00) =20.25cm33Chapter 4CALCULATIONSCALCULATIONS2HCl (aq) + CaCO3(s)Ca2+ (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l) + 2Cl- (aq)HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) H2O (l) + Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)FOR BROWN EGG progeny of moles of NaOH used to react with HCl=20.03cm3 /1000) X2M = 40.06X 10-3 molSince number of moles of NaOH = number of moles of HCl in 25cm3=40.06 X 10-3 molHCl mols in 100cm3 = 40.06 X 10-3 X 4 molThe initial no of moles of HCl volume X molarity= 100/1000 X2M = 200X10-3 molNumber of moles of HCl used to react with CaCO3 =( 200X10-3 160.24X 10-3) mol = 39.76X10-3 molAccording to the equation, one mole of HCI required to react with 2 moles of CaCO3,Number of moles of CaCO3 reacted =39.76X10- 3 /2= 19.88X10-3 molThe weight of CaCO3 = 19.88X10-3g X100gThe % of CaCO3 in eggshell (brown) = (1.988/2) X100%=99.4%FOR WHITE EGGNumber of moles of NaOH used to react with HCl(20.25cm3/1000)X2 = 40.50X10-3molSince number of moles of NaOH=number of moles of HCl in 25cm3= 4.50X10-3molHCl Volume in 100cm3 = 40.50 X10-3 X4 molThe initial moles of HCl volume X molarity= 100/1000 X2M = 200X10-3 molNumber of moles of HCl used to react with CaCO3 ( 200X10-3 162X10-3) mol = 38X10-3 molNumber of moles of CaCO3 reacted =38X10-3/2= 19X10-3 molThe weight of CaCO3 = 19X10-3g X100The % of CaCO3 in eggshell (white) = (1.9/2) X100%=95.0%Chapter 5 interchange AND CONCLUTIONCONCLUSIONPercentage of CaCO3 in red eggshells= 99.4%Percentage of CaCO3 in white eggshells= 95.0%Therefore red eggshells has the higher percentage of CaCO3.DISCUSSIONS ource of errorsThe eggshell powder did not dissolve completelyVariation in visual judgment at the end pointInstrumental errors of the electronic balanceThe eggshell was not fully driedSome droplets of solution may still adhere on the beaker and the glass rod which lead to the drop-off in number of moles of excess HClIn this Experiment we can also do the EDTA titration.REFERENCEShttp//www.google.lk/search?hl=ensource=hpq=caco3+percentage+in+eggshellbtnG=Google+Searchmeta=aq=foq=http//wwwchem.csustan.edu/chem1102/Egg.htmhttp//www.oppapers.com/essays/Determine-Percentage-Mass-Calcium-Carbonate-Eggshells/165593http//ag.ansc.purdue.edu/poultry/multistate/koelkebeck1.htm

Changes In The Concepts Of Childhood

Changes In The Concepts Of ChildhoodDiscuss how barbarianishness has changed since the 19th degree centigrade. How do concepts from this period continue to influence current attitudes to childishness?What is childhoodChildhood, the early days of a persons life, between birth to roughly 8 years, is also selled most beautiful, most meaningful and most important adjourn of life for a hu earthly concern creation. The importance of childhood can be infrastood by observing the fact that though m either scientists agree antithetic theories to define the process of humankind development they all agree on the importance of childhood and experiences in that time having a profound affect on an individuals life. Many researches have been made on the process of human development and tough in that respect are many proposed theories the actual difference between them is some how tangled the relation really is between the stages and not what the stages really are. The differences a re intrinsic not extrinsic. They all agree that childhood is a time when a person is moving from concrete to plagia bear thought.Man did learn sciences such as astrology, numerology, mathematics etc but the concept of schooling was deficient. People only knew as more as was required to trade and earn a living. A study conducted on child development concluded that in the year 1750 about 33 percent of infants and new born babies were left on doorsteps or social care homes by parents. (Archard, 1993)Poor children were also made to work in undercoat mines and otherwise industries by their parents to earn a living. Efforts to eradicate child labor have been made over centuries by the responsible government bodies in diametric countries and social welfare organizations in the humankind. But it seems that despite the changing perceptions towards childhood, statistical data proves otherwise.The commencement of specific child development theories and acknowledgment of these theories on ly date back to some 200 years ago, in the 17th and 18th century. An acclaimed name, in this regard is of Professor Malcolm W. Watson. (Heywood, 2001)He researched on Human Development and formed theories that are still studied and followed. Results of his findings emphasized on six major theories by antithetical mass in different times.These theories focus on different stages man goes through from infancy to adulthood. Details of how environment and other factors affect childhood are also underscored.The theories encompass effects and behavioral changes in man and what we believe about our own selves, be it scientists, researchers or a common man.Psychodynamic hypothesis-Sigmund Freud. (James, 2004)This theory says that human psychology can be broken down in to third separate parts. These are namely the id, the ego and the superego. Id is the childish part of our personality and its driving force is food, frenzy and appreciation and the sexual drive. This side of every being is then balanced by the other two parts i.e. ego and superego. The superego is contradictory to id. It is that part of human personality which enables us to control one self. through this one acts in a socially acceptable manner. The ego is some where in the middle of these two extremes. Most of our troubles arise from balancing between the id and the superego.Oedipus complex is another(prenominal) very important entity of Freuds theory. This stage is when the child develops feelings for his opposite sex parents. Boys wish to carry on place of their father and be the head of the family and act as a husband to their mother but at the same time they respect their father and fear that if they cross limits they will have to bare the consequences.Psychosocial theory by Erik Erickson (Kehily, 2003)He coined the famous phrase Identity Crisis. His personality theory had 8 stages from infancy to old age. These were 1. Hope, 2. Will, 3. Purpose, 4. Competence, 5. Fidelity, 6. Love, 7. Cari ng, 8. Wisdom. Erik was the root to bring forth the notion that development is col over our entire lives and not just childhood.Integrated Attachment theory- John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth This theory originated in the early years of 1950s and was a colligation effort by John Bowlby, specialist in child psychiatry and a psychologist, Mary Ainsworth. The concept is based on relationships and connections developed in the apiece year years of our life. Also real life issues in a childs life pertaining to loss and separations with which he had emotional ties are emphasized upon in the theory.Social erudition theory by Albert Bandura This theory was a modified version of the traditional learning theories. It says that learning is the same in infants, children, adults and even animals. Albert says that all respond to stimulus.cognitive Mediation theory- Lev Vygotsky Supporting many other major theorists, Vygotsky opines that learning comes first and paves way for development. Accord ing to his theory, a child learns through other individuals around him i.e. parents, teachers, siblings and other children. He says that developing thoughts and new skills is based on people in the environment we live in and our interaction with them.Cognitive developmental theory- denim Pia watch Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist says that children learn by building their own cognitive worlds. He believed that individuals go through four stages of encountering. All of these are age re youngd.sensorimotor stage This is from birth to two years of age. In this first stage, infants coordinate the senses of seeing and hearing with physical and motoric experiences to understand. Thus, the name sensorimotor.Preoperational stage It goes on from two years of age to seven years. Children at this stage start relating the world and their surroundings with words and images. They go beyond the sensory experiences in this stage.Concrete Operational decimal point This third stage lasts from 7 ye ars to eleven years. Children can perform operations, and logical reasoning replaces intuitive thought as long as reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples. For instance, concrete operational thinkers cannot imagine the steps necessary to complete algebraic equation, which is too abstract for thinking at this stage of development. (Mayall, 1994)Formal Operational Stage The final stage is from 11 to 15 years. Children move further from concrete thoughts to abstracts and logical thinking. As a part of abstractive thinking they create hypothetical ideal circumstances and then compare their own life with these standards, deducing a satisfactory conclusion.In a nutshell, childhood is the time when we are understanding simple operations in order to be able to understand and master complex tasks in future. We need to identify the environment around us and use language to make connections to objects and the world in general. If this basic understanding is faulty, the future would certainly clutch pedal a rush more surprises, and many of them would be unwelcome. Only when a child fully understands the world around is he really able to grok abstract concepts and use logic to reach meaningful conclusions in future.Having now understood what childhood is all about, how a human mind is developing, in stages, to understand the world it is introduced to and how important this part of life is in your life and mine, let us now adjudge a look into how childhood has been different for people in the previous(prenominal) century and the present.Childhood in the 18th centuryCompared toChildhood in the 19th centuryTo begin with, the treatment of children with utmost care, in particular in their earliest years, is a fairly recent notion. Before the 18th century, child mortality rate was so high that people had a lot of children of whom only a few actually survived. Parents could not afford to get too emotionally attached to children until they crossed a thresho ld age where chances of natural selection became greater than chances of death. In France, during the 17th century, between 20%-50% of infants died in their first year. (5) (Wyness, 2000)Zelizer, in his book, Pricing The Priceless(prenominal) Child, tells us how in the middle ages, Spanish children when they died could be buried anywhere on the premises, rather like a cat or dog, often, their bodies were sewn together into sacks and put inside common graves.In early Arabian finishs, the birth of a female child was considered a burden, it was mourned upon and in cases the infant was buried alive. Religion played a vital role in autocratic erratic human behaviors and in both the east and the west, the religious institution was the first to recognize the rights of children and honorable dealings with them. The following table describes how religion basd institutions have bequeathd childhood care facilities in the African continent. (Linda, 1984)With time and with the slow but stead y spread of education, the world started becoming a different place altogether, especially in respect of the rights of children, and that happened mostly during the 18th and 19th centuries. We have, as the human species, come to realize that childhood is not just a biological flesh in life. It holds much more meaning it gives birth to a social being that embodies the belief system of on an entire populace at a point in time. Parents attitudes toward child bearing and rearing have undergone drastic reconstruction in modern times.19th Century ConceptsIn the 19th century children did not have a significant importance. No formal education and learning took place inside homes. Mothers generally did not have the mindfulness to egest time with their children and nurture them. A father in every home has been the breadwinner since times immemorial but women in the 19th century also united the earning league. Till the early 19th century children were used to earn a living and a study show s that more than fifty percent of factory workers were children under the age of eleven years in northern parts of the world. They were made to work hard and perform hazardous jobs such as cleaning up narrow chimneys and going down cramped tunnels owing to their small size.Most historians would agree that children in present day world are much break up off than the children in past centuries. But they continue to debate the extent to which childhood has changed since the 19th century and how the adults approach to childhood and dealing with children has altered. As such, children in past centuries worked with their parents from a very small age. But it was the industrial revolution of the 19th century which actually caused the inception of child labour. Researchers in the field of human development take one of two stances when explaining early childhood. They hold either an essentialist view (which considers childhood a commonalty that is no different in any part of the world, more a biological state than anything deeper). The other view to childhood, the constructionist view pictures childhood as being different in different cultures and different times. A child in Japan would be fundamentally different than a child in Britain. The children of one country would also be much different at different times. We can just take a look at the children around us and see the difference between our childhood and theirs to grasp the importance of the constructionist view. stick cultural differences in childhood and its perception by elders is linked to the societies sense of a childs autonomy. It was considered an a vital aspect of western sandwich cultures (Holland, 1992)but was not so prominent in eastern ones. While western mothers emphasized on teaching their child personal values and their rights at , each part of their lives, Japanese and Pakistani mothers have always emphasized more on differential treatment of elders and good mannerism (Gittens, 1998)The differen ce, as we see it on the face of it today, is that Japanese children display greater sensitivity and self discipline while American children are more confident and expressive. However, it has long been a subject of account between researchers that irrespective of the vast differences in child rearing strategies across many cultures the fundamental importance of parenthood comes out in the form of warmth and acceptance against rejection and neglect (Jenks, 1996)However whether eastern cultures have been more histile toward the child in the past or western cultures have been more so is a issuance of debate. While western cultures have displayed a generally strict attitude toward the childrearing and the lack of acknowledgement to their a childs own autonomy, eastern cultures on the other glide by believe that strictness, control and and even corporal punishment are but ways to shw a child how much a prent cares. While the Chienese may consider American parents less caring for their childrens development of important social virtues, the American parent may consider Chinese as totally autorotarian and irrational (Higgonet, 1998)However, another psychological argument presented byScientists says that in such collectivistic cultural arrangements as the Chinese, Japanese or Indian, authoritarian and restrictive parenting practices are necessary for maintaining harmoniously stable society .Literature on childhood from different cultures across the world have shown two main stream belief systems, the concept of childhood as Dionysian and Apollonian (Jenks, 1996)The Dionysian belief, taking from the greek mythological figure Dionysus (Prince of wine, nature and revelry) assumes that every child is born with evil or corruption in its nature imbued in their conscience. The Apollonian child is considers, from nature, the very image of beauty, poetry, sunshine and light. This is the belief that is prevalent today in the 21st century but did not comprise in earlier centu ries.While 19th century children were treated rather like animals. The industrial revolutions laid the foundations for the market for low paid child labour. IN textile factories, they worked as many as twelve hours a day. As education crept into the masses the parliament began passing laws to curtail child labour, but the first effective rule, em labored with the help of factory inspectors, came about in 1833. Education was not considered a necessity for every child and the responsibility of the state as late as 1870 and even then the poorest members of society could not afford school fee which were abolished in 1891. Victorian children were used to beatings and in extreme circumstances, poor children were forced to wear a cap which said dunce meaning a stupid person. Children dressed like adults, were supposed to act like adults and were treated in both love and hate as adults. The extent of neglect towards children can be seen by the fact that the first public park for children wa s build as late as 1859 in the city of Manchester. To us then, the hundreds of complex laws that protect children from evils makes utmost sense. Sexual and physical abuse, pornography, beatings and even simple neglect are considered crimes against childhood. particular(a) laws for the special treatment of children are now in place to ensure that children are treated with delicate care. It seems that parental affection is not much of an replete(predicate) but only a reflection of what parents consider to be their duties toward their off spring. (Higgonet, 1998)It is a fact that parents in our world today can exercise less power over their children than in the past because a part of child rearing is controlled by the state (Donzalot, 1980). However these regulations have been brought into action to curtail the profane of parental authority over children. Good parents can still be good parents, in fact, outside interference in maters such as family etiquettes, a childs eating, dress ing, sleeping and entertainment habits and the setting of acceptable beahvorial standards is considered a breach of the parents right. The state usually only intervenes when it fears that the child is being ill treated or when it believes that the child is not well brought up and would be a danger to those around him or her. John Hood Willams (1990) points out that childrens lives are controlled by their families in preferably a array of ways. Their social spaces are strictly defined, their times are set by elders, their clothes and haircut is subject to the parents image of decency or acceptability. Parents even provide rules to be followed when eating, walking, talking and even standing in a crowd. Children are the most vulnerable to corporal punishment or all other members in the human society (Kline, 1993)However, 19th century and present day childhood is vastly different. Todays world is quite different than in the past century. Science and engineering science have rocketed h uman understanding of life many times over. Though the industrial revolution laid the foundations of all the progress we have seen in the past two hundred years, the greatest speed in the development of sciences and discovery has been hosted by the past 60 -70 years. Increasingly, the world has accepted that it is a global area and not one divided by geographical boundaries. Cross cultural knowledge exchange has lead to a different populace which is ready to take on aspects of other societies almost readily. The media and internet have, without a trace of doubt, the greatest importance in the life of the modern child. Children are not only aware of fashion, trends and coursework, they are also aware of their rights and that 911 can save them from a parents physical or emotional abuse. At the same time that the present century is a blessing on children, it should also be brought into account that the 20th and 21st centuries have made childhood much more prone to corruption than prev ious centuries. To begin with, our environment is in a state of alarm, pollution and the green house effect have starting melting glaciers. Sea levels continue to rise and natural calamities have begun to affect humans in ever increasing ways. While countries emphasize on becoming wealthier and more powerful, they continue to expand their industrial and technological horizons but do not place due importance to the physical and mental development of a child. Physical activity (especially sport) for children has become an threaten species while computers and mobile phones have taken their place as a childs entertainment activity. Life has become fast and so much so that we jollify and prefer fast food even if it delivers extremely low nutrition value and high cholesterol levels. Drug and sex abuse of children seems to be come up steadily, despite the existing laws to regulate such unacceptable actions. Terrorism, radical thought and the spirit of revolution among youth have made ch ildhood an age where there should actually be more protection and concern from parents and the state.A childs cognitive and socioemotional development is therefore at the forefront of modern worlds strategies to rear better children. Cross cultural psychological studies have discovered that there are many ways in which cultural factors help in developing a speech sound child who would later develop into a socially acceptable person.The organization of physical and social setup in a surrounding, dictated by culture has a profound affect on the childs mannerism and activities.Prevalent social values, customs and norms provide a medium to evaluate his own acceptability or conformity in a society.Parental beliefs and practices, which have been molded by culture play a mediating role in a childs understanding of the world in which he/she lives.Contemporary societies use the schooling system, also built around their own cultural value, to imbed certain levels of acceptability criteria in the minds of children.(Gittens, 1998)For the wide-cut minded modern child, many pieces of information, the instance of sexual information, is quite important in order to be able to perform in an agreeable way. It has already been shown by research that romantic ideals pave way for women coming to terms with their sexual drives and experiences .(Woodhead, 2003)At the same time boys, who hardly share romantic ideals with their parents tend to take on their masculine audacity to deal with love and sexual involvement .This finally leads to a pattern of married life (seen among the general populace) where women hardly get to the emotional closeness they expect to receive from their husbands .

Sound the Jubilee :: Essays Papers

Sound the JubileeSlaves lived terrible lives always being told what to do and how to live, what to feast and who to converse with. But what if all that could change? What if slaves could be free to live their own lives? Thats what Sandra Forrester writes about, in the admit Sound the Jubilee.The main characters in the book are Maddie, a young slave girl, and her family, Titus, Ella, Angeline, and preen. Titus is a sweet, strong, loving father Ella is a kind, firm, loving mother Angeline is Maddies older sister, who always does everything perfectly and Pride is Maddies unhealthy baby brother. The setting is during the Civil War, from 1861-1865 at River Bend Plantation, Nags Head, and Roanoke Island.Maddie and her family are house slaves on a North Carolina plantation their problem is how to undertake to freedom. The solution? When she and her family are sent with their mistress to Roanoke Island because of invading Yankees, they run for freedom. Once the Yankees take over the isla nd, the government gives aid to all the runaway slaves and provides them with jobs and the resources to start in the raw lives.I think the author shows how the season changes very clearly throughout the book. For example, when summer came to Roanoke Island it was stated clearly at the beginning of the chapter, (pg 92, paragraph 1). Or when surrender came to Roanoke Island, the author describes it clearly as crisp, cool, and early, (pg. 110, paragraph 3). Summer was also described again clearly as especially hot and miserable, (pg. 132, paragraph 2).The S.C.I. point that relates about to this book is The Nature of Life is to Grow. In many of the chapters at least one of the characters grows in some way.